Respect for autonomy centers on respecting persons’ capacities to make decisions for themselves. “Principles of Biomedical Ethics” by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress 1. Here I explain each principle using examples from contemporary medical practice. They defend four principles as central to medical ethics: respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. Their book, now in its eighth edition, helped organize the field of medical ethics and remains a standard text. They hoped these core principles would be detailed enough to guide analyses and decisions, yet flexible enough to adapt to different cases and cultures. They developed a set of principles that most ethicists can agree to, an approach named principlism. To try to address this impasse, Tom Beauchamp and James Childress developed a new approach to ethical decision-making in their 1977 book, Principles of Biomedical Ethics. And these disagreements sometimes lead to stalemates in ethical decision-making. And care ethicists argue that we should foremost consider our feelings and the relationships we share.īut there are deep disagreements among advocates of these differing ethical theories. Virtue ethicists argue that actions must help people form better characters or live better lives. Consequentialists argue that you should pick whatever action produces the most good effects for those involved (or avoids the most bad). For example, Kantians argue that you should treat all people with dignity and act only on rules that everyone can endorse. Some ethicists appeal to an ethical theory, a general explanation of when and why actions are wrong or not. Suppose that you have an ethical problem in medicine or science.
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